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Xn the USSR for a few years after World liar 2, A-4s, including missiles made both in Germany and the USSR, were modified to carry scientific instruments into upper atmosphere. Several oajor modifications were Bade to the A-4 to Increase ita performance as a sounding rocket. The V-2A, the last of these, oade its appearance in 1949. Kith a payload of 1,896 Ib and a ceiling of 13'7 miles the rocket saw service well into -the mid-1950s.
In the autumn of 1945, parts enough for 100 A-4s had been shipped from Germany to the USA for assembly and launch at the newly established White Sands Proving Ground in New Mexico. The primary purpose of these missiles was to gather data on the phy-sicyi and radiation environment of the upper atmosphere and to train Americana, both civil and military, in the assembly, checkout, and launch of large rockets.
The firat of these A-4s to carry scientific inatrumeata into the upper atmosphere was launched on 10 May 1946.
12

OPBWHIBG THE SPACE FRONTIERS (continued)
*2
It must be aaid that Soddard had also achieved success
with gyro-controlled rockets and it is of interest to compare progress during this exciting period.
The Amerioan engineer began in 1932 by fitting a 4 in gyro with its spin axis ( OCI> ) on the rocket's longitudinal axis. the spinning gyro maintained its vertical axis and when the rocket tilted 13 degrees from the vertical, electrical contacts were made to supply righting forces; one of four aerodynamic vanea ( Kpm&iaTKa ) opened and, at the same time, one of four metal deflector vanes was inserted ( WSasJWti ) into the rocket exauat.
Although the first launch on 19 April 1932 was marred by the rocket motor losing thrust, so that the rocket climbed only about 135 ft, it was sufficient to show the effect of gyro-stabliser. When the launch crew reached the spot where the rocket had come down, they found the exauat deflectors warm to the touch, proving that they had operated.
In subsequent (noCJie.nyIBOae) years, Goddard made further progress with automatic stabilisers. One of his rockets, launched on 8 March 1935, had a simple, pendulum substituting for a gyro which gave corrective signals when the flight path deviated ( OTIUIOHSTI) ) more than 10 degrees froa the vertical. The rocket reached a speed of 700 mph and came down.
Later the same month a 14.8 ft rocket reached an altitude of 4,800 ft and travelled 13,000 ft at an average speed of 550 aph. It was controlled by a gyroscope working vanes in the exhaust:
In the summer of 1937 he succeeded in flying a rocket with giniballed to an altitude of 2,055 ft, although the flight was marred by the parachute opening prematurely. The 18*5 ft long rocket had moveable tailpiece steering ( ynpaBJ19HBe ), wire-bound tanks, and carried a barograph ( Oaporpa$ )•
In 1939 two flight trails were made of a small ramp-launched pllotless rocket alrcarft, and in 1940 the RP-318-1 glider flew with a pilot at the controls.
13