AHJI KOMiuieKCHbie HayqHbie HCCJieaoaaHHfl BO BpeMa coBMecTHoro noJieTa KocMHiecKHX KOpafijiefl "CoK>3-6", "Coio3-7", "CoK>3-8"? 4. KTO npoaeJi 18 flHefi B ycJioBHflx HeaecoMOCTH na KOCMHqecKOM Kopa6Jie "Coi03-9"? 5. KTO ocyiu.ecTB.naJi pyqHoe ynpaaJieHHe KOCMimecKHM KopaSjien
: "COK)3-3"?
Text 7
AMERICAN MANNED MISSIONS
(1) Spaceships of three types were used in the USA for manned missions: the Mercury one-man spacecraft weighing 1.3 to 2 tons which
\ made two suborbital flights in 1961 and four in geocentric orbits between 1962 and 1963; the Gemini two-seater craft weighing 3.2 to 3.8 tons which made 10 geocentric flights between 1965 and 1966; the Apollo three-seater craft weighing up to 46.8 tons which made 11 geocentric flights between 1968 and 1972 in carrying out which 3 circumlunar mis-
iSions and 6 lunar landings were made.
(2) The Gemini spaceships executed orbital manoeuvres by means of manual controls, a link-up of the ships, connection between the ship and the target by rope, docking by manual controls, and a flight lasting . nearly 14 days.
(3) The Saturn-5 heavy carrier-rocket weighing 3,000 tons at take-, off placed a load of 135 tons (including the final stage) into a geocentric 'orbit. It also injected manned spacecraft into a circumlunar orbit and landed man on the Moon.                                           ;
(4) The Apollo-7 spaceship with a crew of three made an eleven-day^ -flight around the Earth during which the ship's systems were tested-for reliability.                                                      ';•
(5) The ten-day geocentric flight of Apollo-9 had the purpose of opti-.^ mizing the systems<^the ship's lunar module.                       !:
(6) A more complicated circumlunar flight was made aboard Apollo-10.                                                           :
(7) The flight of Aoollo-11 carried Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins to'the Moon (July 16-24, 1969). On July 20, the lunar module carrying Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin touched down on the lunar equator, in the Sea of Tranquillity, and stayed 21 hours and 36 minutes there while Michael Collins remained aboard the ship circling the Moon. Neil Armstrong spent 2 hours 31 minutes on the Moon surface, outside the lunar module, and Edwin Aldrin - two hours. They carried out the assigned research programme.
(8) The second earth-moon-earth flight was made by Charles Conrad, Richard Gordon and Alan Bean aboard Apollo-12 between November 14 and 25, 1969. On November 19, Charles Conrad and Alan Bean landed in a lunar module in the Ocean of Storms and spent 31 hours and 31 minutes there. Each of them left the module twice spending a total of 7.5 hours on the lunar surface.
(9) The flight of Apollo-13 had to be limited to a'circumlunar fly-by because of an emergency situation aboard the ship.
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(10) The third lunar landing was made by Apollo-14 which carried Alan Shepard, Stuart Roosa and Edgar Mitchell. The mission lasted from January 31 to February 9, 1971. On February 5 and 6, Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell spent 33 hours 30 minutes in the proximity of the Fra Mauro Crater on a rugged terrain. They carried out an exploratory programme during the two lunar excursions which took 4 hours 47 minutes and 4 hours 35 minutes respectively.
(11) An extended lunar exploration programme was carried out during the fourth lunar landing mission (between July 26 and August 7, 1971) undertaken by David Scott, Alfred Worden and James Irwin who piloted the Apollo-15 advanced spacecraft. David Scott and James Irwin spent 66 hours 55 minutes (from July 30 to August 2, 1971) in the landing area situated between the Hadley Furrow and the Lunar Appenines. During the three lunar excursions which took a total of 18 hours 36 minutes the astronauts drove a distance of 27.2 kilometers, in a moon rover and carried out a large exploratory programme.
(12) The fifth lunar-landing mission took place between April 16 and 27, 1972. The lunar module of Apollo-16 which carried John Young and Charles Duke landed near the Descartes Crater and stayed 71 hours 2 minutes there. The astronauts made three lunar excursions (20 hours 14 minutes in all) and moonrover trips. Meanwhile Thomas Mattingly remained in the parent ship in a circumlunar orbit,                   i
(13) The sixth lunar-landing mission was carried out between Decem- • ber 7 and 19, 1972. It terminated the Apollo lunar programme. The lunar module of Apollo-17 which carried astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt made a landing on the edge of the Sea of Serenity and spent 75 hours on the lunar surface. Meanwhile Ronald E. Evans continued flying in the command ship in a circumlunar orbit.
(14) As a result of the six lunar missions, lunar rock samples weighing a total of nearly 400 kg were brought to Earth.
(15) To mark the successful completion of the Apollo programme a big crater on the reverse side of the Moon was given the n.ame of Apollo.
SA^AHHH
'1. HauQume e meKcme 7 a63aubi, e Komopux zoeopumcH:
1. o paKere-HocHTeJie "CaTypH-5"; 2. o BbinoJiHeHHH nporpaMMbi nofle-
TaSKHnaWeM KOCMHqeCKOrO KOpafiJIH "AnOJIJIOH-ll"; 3. 0 AJIHTCJIbHOCTH
noJiera KOCMHqecKoro KOpaQjia "AnoJiJiOH-14"; 4.o BbinoJiHeHHH paciUH-peHHofi nporpaMMbi HCCJieAoaaHHfl JIyHbi
2, -Hauoume e meKcme 7 omeembi HO. eonpocbt:
1. What types of spaceships were used in the USA for manned missions? 2. Did the Gemini spaceships execute orbital manoeuvres by means of manual controls? 3. For what purpose were the systems of the Apollo-7 spaceship tested? 4. On what spaceship was a more complicated circumlunar flight made? 5. How much time did Neil Armstrong spend on the Moon surface? 6. Why did the flight of Apollo-13 have to be li-
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