3. UepeQaume coQepweanue meKcma 5 no-amAuucKU no wany:
1. Importance of the Gagarin flight for subsequent achievements ol Soviet space exploration.
2. The proclamation of Cosmonautics Day,
3. Purposefulness of the Soviet programme of space exploration.
4. Flights of automatic stations Luna-16 and Luna-17.
5. The use of achievements of space exploration in national economy.
4. UepeeeQume gonpocbi, ucnoAb3yn o6pa3en, u omQetnbme HO. HUX no-
aHZAUUCKU:
Koraa 6biJi coBepmeH nepBbifi B MHpe KocianqecKHn noJieT? When was the first space flight in the world performed?
1. Korfla 6biJi cosaaH onbiTHbm o6pa3eu, op6HTaJibHon CTamuiH B CCCP?
2. Koraa 6biJi coBepmen noJieT KOCMHqecKoro Kopa6Jia "Coi03-9"?
3. Koraa 6buia ocyiu,ecTBJieHa CTbiKOBKa KOCMHICCKHX Kopa6JieH "CoK)3-4" H "Coio3-5"? 4. KorAa 6biJia 3anym,eHa aBTOMaTiraecKaa cramma "JIyHa-16"?
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SOVIET MANNED MISSIONS
(1) The Soyuz spaceship weighing 6.45 to 6.65 tons consists ol an orbital module housing research equipment and serving as a room for rest for the crew; a re-entry module which is simultaneously a crew module; an, .instrument module with the main equipment and a two-engine vernier installation. Passage from the orbital mo.dule ,to the re-entry module, whose combined volume is 9 cubic meters, is via a pressurized hatch. The re-entry module has a heat protective coating, and it is shaped so as to ensure its controlled descent with the use of the aerodynamic factor. It accommodates the cosmonauts' seats, the control panel, the descent control system, the radio-communication system, the environmental control system, the parachute landing system, and the powder rocket engines for soft landing. The g-forces during the descent were brought down to 3 or 4 units, and touch-down accuracy was increased;
the touch-down speed did not exceed 2 or 3 meters per second. The attitude control system ensures the ship's spatial orientation, control and stabilization in a power-on flight, approach to and manoeuvring in close proximity of another spaceship; the system is operated both automatically and manually. The ship has an automatic docking system which was tested during the flight of the Kosmos automatic satellites. The onboard equipment is powered by solar batteries arranged on two opening panels. A complex of radio aids determines orbital parameters, receives radio commands from and maintains two-way communication with the Earth, and transmits TV images (there are four onboard TV cameras) and telemetery data. The ship is equipped for autonomous flight and piloting; the propulsion unit permits manoeuvres to an altitude oi 1,300 km.
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(2) The path of space exploration is not an easy one. The Soyuz-1 spaceship was first tested by Cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov on April 23, 1967. Having completed the flight programme on April 24 he began descent during which the parachute system failed, and the pilot was killed. Earlier Komarov had flown aboard the Voskhod spaceship.
(3) Soyuz-2 was orbited on October 25, 1968. While it flew over the cosmodrome on the next day, Soyuz-3 piloted by Georgi Beregovoi went aloft. It sought Soyuz-2 by radio and automatically approached it within 200 meters, then the pilot took over and performed a series of manoeuvres by means of manual controls. On completion of the experiments Soyuz-2, followed by Soyuz-3 (on October 30), landed on Soviet territory.
(4) Soyuz-4 piloted by Vladimir Shatalov was orbited on January 14, 1969; the next day, Soyuz-5 carried into space a crew of three: commander Boris Volynov, Alexei Yeliseyev (flight engineer) and Yevgeny Khrunov (research engineer). On January 16 Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5 rendezvoused automatically and their docking was performed by manual controls,
(5) Thus the world's first experimental space station was assembled and began functioning. Following the docking Alexei Yeliseyev and Yevgeny Khrunov left their ship and effected a transfer to the other via open space, where they spent 37 minutes.
(6) The apogee of the experimental station was 250 km; its total weight - 12,924 kg. Then the ships were undocked and continued the flight separately. Techno-scientific experiments and medico-biological investigations were carried out during the flight. The men observed geological and geographical terrain features and celestial bodies, filmed and photographed what they saw, and their information was sent to Earth by television, etc. The programme fulfilled, Soyuz-4 with the three cosmonauts landed on January 17. Boris Volynov in Soyuz-5 landed the next day.
(7) Soyuz-6 piloted by Georgi Shonin and Valery Kubasov (flight engineer) was orbited on October 11, 1969. They carried out an extensive research programme and tested several methods of welding metals in conditions of high vacuum and weightlessness. The tests included the welding of fine-sheet stainless steel and titanium alloys, the cutting of stainless steel, titanium alloys and aluminium, and the working of nonmetallic materials.
(8) Soyuz-7 orbited the next day (October 12, 1969) carried a crew of three: Anatoly Filipchenko (commander), Vladislav Volkov (flight engineer), and Viktor Gorbatko (research engineer). Soyuz-7 executed Orbital manoeuvres together with the other spaceship, and carried out navigational observations and a series of experiments.
(9) On October 13, 1969, Soyuz-8 carried Vladimir Shatalov (commander) and Alexei Yeliseyev (flight engineer) into space.
(10) During the group flight the seven cosmonauts aboard the three ships carried out extensive simultaneous investigations in near space under a wide programme; the ships executed manoeuvres, approached one another, and their control systems were being tested. Soyuz-6 and Soyuz-8 repeatedly came close to Soyuz-7 to a distance of a few hundred meters.
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